English esl wh questions powerpoint presentations most. Inside a relative clause, we find something like whmovement including piedpiping but with a slightly different set of whwords. Wh movement also occurs in relative clauses, however, which cannot be interpreted as questions. This movement is encoded in wh agreement in each clause through which a wh element has moved. A collection of english esl worksheets for home learning, online practice, distance learning and english classes to teach about wh, questions, wh questions.
We can use question words like who, what, when, where, why, how, and which to ask questions in english. Mar 30, 2020 a what clause is a type of noun clause or a free relative clause that begins with the word what. The source of whmorphology in questions and relative clauses. I caught a ride with tony, whose car barely made it up the hill. A what clause is a type of noun clause or a free relative clause that begins with the word what. There are two broad types of relative clauses in english. If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the faq by clicking the link above. Defining relative clauses these describe the preceding noun in such a way as to distinguish it from other nouns of the same class. The wh words in wh word adjective clauses who, whose, whom, which, or that are pronouns. A clause of this kind is essential to the clear understanding of the noun. I hear the fangs are throwing the kind of pit party that absolutely guarantees humungous hangovers. By combining sentences with a relative clause, your text becomes more fluent and you can avoid repeating certain words. Live worksheets english english as a second language esl wh questions wh questions interactive worksheets language.
This movement is encoded in whagreement in each clause through which a whelement has moved. Leanne teaches us about noun clauses with question words in the english language. Oct 27, 2019 wh clauses can function as subjects, objects, or complements. But in contrast to wh relative clauses, it is the complementizer that is overt in that relative clauses, and the wh phrase that is silent. The wh object pronouns make the sentence take the word order of a question. Jan 09, 2014 leanne teaches us about noun clauses with question words in the english language. Some types of relative clauses can be reduced the relative pronoun and maybe other words can be removed. Look at the following examples to understand the difference between them. Relative clauses, as you can see in the example above, give more additional information about a noun. They may add meaning, but if they are removed, the sentence will still function grammatically. Sometimes an adjective clause modifies an entire sentence. The whobject pronouns make the sentence take the word order of a question. It is important to distinguish between them because it affects the. Wh words can appear in main clauses and in subordinate clauses.
Whever words however whatever whenever wherever whichever whoever whomever 3. Divide the students into two groups a and b and give each student a corresponding worksheet. But we can also use them followed by a subject and a verb. Using who, whom, whose and example sentences in english table of contents using who in englishusing whom in englishusing whose in english using who in english who is used for people. Both groups have the same crossword, but group a has the words across and group b has the words down. Nondefining relative clauses defining relative clauses these describe the preceding noun in such a way to distinguish it from other nouns of the same class. The source of whmorphology in questions and relative clauses radek simik this paper proposes a solution to three related phenomena. That relative pronoun cannot be preceded by a preposition or a comma. In both cases, a whoperator null in the case of relative clauses raises to speccp. Well use the examples above to demonstrate how to reduce both restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses. Whever clauses can be used as a subject or an object in a sentence.
The whwords in whword adjective clauses who, whose, whom, which, or that are pronouns. From their point of view different time and different place. Marie curie is the woman who she discovered radium. As relative pronouns they are used to introduce a dependent clause that refers to a noun or personal pronoun in the main clause. Relative clauses are subordinate clauses, so the characteristic v3 word order seen in indirect questions occurs. Apart from that we use the following wh words with relative clauses. Pdf the comprehension of relative clauses and wh questions.
It is important to distinguish between them because it affects the choice of pronoun used to introduce the clause. Feb, 2012 grammar wh interrogative vs nominal relative clause. Relative clauses a relative clause is a kind of np or dp modifier, and is a sister of n or d like any modifier. Simple simon met the pie man who had hidden a mouse trap in jack horners pie. Noun clauses which begin with a question word also called. We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without starting another sentence. The relative pronoun is always which, and the clause is always nonrestrictive. Relative pronouns and relative clauses learnenglish.
Noun clauses which begin with a question word are also called embedded questions where does she live. May 10, 2016 nondefining relative clauses english grammar rules duration. Deictic words, such as pronouns, time and location words, require contextual information. The exception to this is in informal spoken english, when the speaker wants to show shock or disbelief. Chapter14 i adjective clauses 231 occasionally, other words may come between the antecedent and the adjective clause. Request pdf on sep 1, 2016, sungshim hong and others published on the nature of whword in english nonrestrictive relative clauses find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. For example, the following italicized clauses are examples of noun clauses. From your point of view same time but different place. On the nature of whword in english nonrestrictive relative.
Who is the subject of the clause and relates to teacher. Structurally, that relative clauses are completely parallel to wh relative clauses. In fact grammarians themselves recognise that nominal relative clauses and dependent whinterrogative clauses are often difficult to distinguish from each other. I, he, she, we and etc we use who to ask which person does an action or which person is a certain way. An important aspect of wh clauses, notes geoffrey leech, is that they require the wh element to be placed at the beginning of the clause, even if this means changing the normal order of subject, verb, object and so on a glossary of english grammar, 2010. Wh word clauses other english exercises on the same topics. The relative pronoun is the subjectobject of the relative clause, so we do not repeat the subjectobject.
In this fun relative clauses activity, students practice describing words using defining relative clauses with who, where, which and that. While wh agreement is usually found on complementizers i. The time i like the pit the most is the time fang spends out of it. Many relative pronouns in english have the same form as the corresponding interrogative words which, who, where, etc. Relative clauses introduced by whwords whwords are often used instead of a. In both cases, a wh operator null in the case of relative clauses raises to speccp. The word that the pronoun stands for called its antecedent is also the word that the entire adjective clause modifies. Noun clauses with question words noun clauses coursera. While whagreement is usually found on complementizers i. Apr 02, 2012 in fact grammarians themselves recognise that nominal relative clauses and dependent wh interrogative clauses are often difficult to distinguish from each other. Relative clauses are nonessential parts of a sentence. Languages with whmovement english movement to c position, leaving a gap jack put the book on the table. This noun can be the noun of a place, a person or a thing. The whever words below introduce modifying clauses and express any or it doesnt matter who, what, when, where or how.
Whword clauses other english exercises on the same topics. Whclauses can function as subjects, objects, or complements. In a declarative sentenceone of the most common applications for these clausesa what clause, which functions as a noun, may serve as the subject usually followed by a form of the verb be, subject complement, or object of a sentence. They are wellattested across languages and manifest themselves in different syntactic and. Whmovement also occurs in relative clauses, however, which cannot be interpreted as questions. You might reduce the clause to make your writing more concise or to add sentence variety. A clause of this kind is essential to clear understanding of the noun. It can be taken out and the meaning of the sentence remains the same. Who, whom english grammar today a reference to written and spoken english grammar and usage cambridge dictionary. Nondefining relative clauses english grammar rules duration. The comprehension of relative clauses and wh questions in hebrew and palestinian arabic conference paper pdf available january 2009 with 112 reads how we measure reads. Nonrestrictive relative clauses introduction clauses that include a whword are called whclauses.
Grammar whinterrogative vs nominal relative clause. Noun clauses are defined as subordinate clauses formed by a subordinating conjunction followed by a clause. And even the experts themselves dont always agree as to which category some examples fall into. English esl wh questions worksheets most downloaded 86. Who, whom english grammar today cambridge dictionary. In informal style it always comes later in the relative clause. Using who, whom, whose and example sentences in english. The subordinating conjunctions in english that introduce noun clauses are that, o, if, whether, whwords, and whever words. Nonrestrictive relative clauses introduction clauses that include a wh word are called wh clauses. When writing relative adjective clauses, students often are confused about when to use who, whom, and whose.